WebSocket协议是基于TCP的一种新的协议。WebSocket最初在HTML5规范中被引用为TCP连接，作为基于TCP的套接字API的占位符。它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工(full-duplex)通信。其本质是保持TCP连接，在浏览器和服务端通过Socket进行通信。
上古时期的浏览器有些是不支持WebSocket的,下面来介绍如何在浏览器中创建一个websocket对象
var socket = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:8002/xxoo");socket发送接收数据
ws.send() # 发送消息ws.onmessage = function (event) { console.log(event.data) # 收到数据执行的函数,event.data就是收到的数据 }ws.onclose = function (event) { // 服务端主动断开了连接}Socket服务器
import socketsock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)sock.bind((‘127.0.0.1‘, 8002))sock.listen(5)# 获取客户端socket对象conn, address = sock.accept()# 获取客户端的【握手】信息data = conn.recv(8096)print(str(data,encoding=‘utf-8‘))
浏览器Socket
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Title</title></head><body><script>ws = new WebSocket(‘ws://127.0.0.1:8002/‘)</script></body></html>
执行结果
# 浏览器打印GET / HTTP/1.1Host: 127.0.0.1:8002Connection: UpgradePragma: no-cacheCache-Control: no-cacheUpgrade: websocketOrigin: http://localhost:53512Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.117 Safari/537.36Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, brAccept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9Cookie: _ga=GA1.1.414503566.1517490000; csrftoken=hm3ml70razspGU9n46ay8z7KaouRS1XrFjBgjqU2ANy8lZOKWPZJMHpNDz1QXNZ1Sec-WebSocket-Key: Gm61RLyES5nWI3UxzOES0g==Sec-WebSocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits# 浏览器端WebSocket connection to ‘ws://127.0.0.1:8002/‘ failed: Connection closed before receiving a handshake response
当客户端向服务端发送连接请求时，不仅连接还会发送【握手】信息，并等待服务端响应，至此连接才创建成功！
客户端的响应内容
import socketimport base64import hashlib def get_headers(data): """ 将请求头格式化成字典 :param data: :return: """ header_dict = {} data = str(data, encoding=‘utf-8‘) for i in data.split(‘\r\n‘): print(i) header, body = data.split(‘\r\n\r\n‘, 1) header_list = header.split(‘\r\n‘) for i in range(0, len(header_list)): if i == 0: if len(header_list[i].split(‘ ‘)) == 3: header_dict[‘method‘], header_dict[‘url‘], header_dict[‘protocol‘] = header_list[i].split(‘ ‘) else: k, v = header_list[i].split(‘:‘, 1) header_dict[k] = v.strip() return header_dict sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)sock.bind((‘127.0.0.1‘, 8002))sock.listen(5) conn, address = sock.accept()data = conn.recv(1024)headers = get_headers(data) # 提取请求头信息# 对请求头中的sec-websocket-key进行加密response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: %s\r\n" "WebSocket-Location: ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n"magic_string = ‘258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11‘value = headers[‘Sec-WebSocket-Key‘] + magic_stringac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode(‘utf-8‘)).digest())response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode(‘utf-8‘), headers[‘Host‘], headers[‘url‘])# 响应【握手】信息conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding=‘utf-8‘))服务端响应后,连接就建成了,接下来就可以收发数据了.
客户端和服务端传输数据时，需要对数据进行【封包】和【解包】。客户端的JavaScript类库已经封装【封包】和【解包】过程，但Socket服务端需要手动实现。
解包详解
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+|F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Extended payload length ||I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (16/64) ||N|V|V|V| |S| | (if payload len==126/127) || |1|2|3| |K| | |+-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +| Extended payload length continued, if payload len == 127 |+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+| |Masking-key, if MASK set to 1 |+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+| Masking-key (continued) | Payload Data |+-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +: Payload Data continued ... :+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +| Payload Data continued ... |+---------------------------------------------------------------+# 根据第二个字节的后七位判断头部大小,# 127是向后64位,也就是8字节,头部共10字节# 127是向后16位,也就是2字节,头部共4字节# Masking-key在数据部分的前四位,后面才是真正数据的加密部分# 解密过程就将Masking-key与加密的数据进行位运算
官方解释
The MASK bit simply tells whether the message is encoded. Messages from the client must be masked, so your server should expect this to be 1. (In fact, section 5.1 of the spec says that your server must disconnect from a client if that client sends an unmasked message.) When sending a frame back to the client, do not mask it and do not set the mask bit. We‘ll explain masking later. Note: You have to mask messages even when using a secure socket.RSV1-3 can be ignored, they are for extensions.
The opcode field defines how to interpret the payload data: 0x0 for continuation,
0x1for text (which is always encoded in UTF-8),0x2for binary, and other so-called "control codes" that will be discussed later. In this version of WebSockets,0x3to0x7and0xBto0xFhave no meaning.The FIN bit tells whether this is the last message in a series. If it‘s 0, then the server will keep listening for more parts of the message; otherwise, the server should consider the message delivered. More on this later.
Decoding Payload Length
To read the payload data, you must know when to stop reading. That‘s why the payload length is important to know. Unfortunately, this is somewhat complicated. To read it, follow these steps:
- Read bits 9-15 (inclusive) and interpret that as an unsigned integer. If it‘s 125 or less, then that‘s the length; you‘re done. If it‘s 126, go to step 2. If it‘s 127, go to step 3.
- Read the next 16 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. You‘re done.
- Read the next 64 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer (The most significant bit MUST be 0). You‘re done.
Reading and Unmasking the Data
If the MASK bit was set (and it should be, for client-to-server messages), read the next 4 octets (32 bits); this is the masking key. Once the payload length and masking key is decoded, you can go ahead and read that number of bytes from the socket. Let‘s call the data ENCODED, and the key MASK. To get DECODED, loop through the octets (bytes a.k.a. characters for text data) of ENCODED and XOR the octet with the (i modulo 4)th octet of MASK. In pseudo-code (that happens to be valid JavaScript):
var DECODED = "";
for (var i = 0; i < ENCODED.length; i++) {
DECODED[i] = ENCODED[i] ^ MASK[i % 4];
}
Now you can figure out what DECODED means depending on your application.
python的解包过程
info = conn.recv(8096)payload_len = info[1] & 127if payload_len == 126: extend_payload_len = info[2:4] mask = info[4:8] decoded = info[8:]elif payload_len == 127: extend_payload_len = info[2:10] mask = info[10:14] decoded = info[14:]else: extend_payload_len = None mask = info[2:6] decoded = info[6:]bytes_list = bytearray()for i in range(len(decoded)): chunk = decoded[i] ^ mask[i % 4] bytes_list.append(chunk)body = str(bytes_list, encoding=‘utf-8‘)print(body)
封包
def send_msg(conn, msg_bytes): """ WebSocket服务端向客户端发送消息 :param conn: 客户端连接到服务器端的socket对象,即： conn,address = socket.accept() :param msg_bytes: 向客户端发送的字节 :return: """ import struct token = b"\x81" length = len(msg_bytes) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) msg = token + msg_bytes conn.send(msg) return True安装
pip3 install gevent-websocket
作用
基本结构
from geventwebsocket.handler import WebSocketHandlerfrom gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServerfrom flask import Flask,render_template,requestapp = Flask(__name__)@app.route(‘/test‘)def test(): ws = request.environ.get(‘wsgi.websocket‘) # 如果是websocket请求会得到socket对象,否则None if ws: while: ws.receive() # 收数据 ws.send(message) # 发数据 # ws.close() # 关闭 return render_template(‘index.html‘) if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: http_server = WSGIServer((‘0.0.0.0‘, 5000,), app, handler_class=WebSocketHandler) http_server.serve_forever()
Tornado是一个轻量级的Web框架，异步非阻塞+内置WebSocket功能
安装
pip3 install tornado
示例
import tornadofrom tornado.web import Applicationfrom tornado.web import RequestHandlerfrom tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler# HTTP继承RequestHandler类class IndexHandler(RequestHandler): def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # self.write(‘Hello World‘) 响应字符串 self.render(‘index.html‘) # 响应模板 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): user = self.get_argument(‘user‘) # 提交数据中取值 self.write(‘成功‘)WS_LIST = []# WebSocket继承WebSocketHandler类class MessageHandler(WebSocketHandler): def open(self, *args, **kwargs): # 连接时执行的 WS_LIST.append(self) def on_message(self, message): # self.close() 服务端主动断开连接， # 收到数据时执行的,message就是收到的数据 for ws in WS_LIST: ws.write_message(message) # 发送数据 def on_close(self): # 客户端关闭连接时执行的 WS_LIST.remove(self)settings = { ‘template_path‘:‘templates‘, ‘static_path‘:‘static‘,} # 写配置app = Application([ (r"/index", IndexHandler), (r"/message", MessageHandler),],**settings) # 路由及配置if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.listen(address=‘0.0.0.0‘,port=9999) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() # 启动 
