ASP.NET Core技术研究-探秘Host主机启动过程

原文:
ASP.NET Core技术研究-探秘Host主机启动过程

当我们将原有ASP.NET 应用程序升级迁移到ASP.NET Core之后,我们发现代码工程中多了两个类Program类和Startup类。

接下来我们详细探秘一下通用主机Host的启动过程。

一、Program类的Main函数入口

Program类最重要的功能就是启动主机,这里有一个主机的概念,是ASP.NET Core全新引入的。

主机负责应用程序启动和生存期管理。 同时,主机也是封装应用程序资源的对象:

  • 依赖注入 (DI)
  • Logging
  • Configuration
  • IHostedService 实现

启动主机时,它在 DI 容器中找到 IHostedService 的每个实现,然后调用 IHostedService.StartAsync。 在 web 应用中,其中一个 IHostedService 的实现是启动 HTTP 服务器实现的 web 服务。这里的HTTP服务器默认是Kestrel。

即:ASP.NET Core主机启动时,会启动一个HTTP服务器,默认是Kestrel。启动后监听并响应某个端口的HTTP请求。

我们继续看Program类的代码: 

  

   从上述代码可以看到,Main函数中首先调用CreateHostBuilder方法,返回一个IHostBuilder。然后调用IHostBuilder.Build()方法完成

二、Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args): 构造IHostBuilder的默认实现HostBuilder

   在CreateHostBuilder方法内部,首先调用了Host.CreateDefaultBuilder构造了一个HostBuilder,这个我们先看下源码,看看到底Host类内部做了什么操作:

   https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/Host.cs

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 public static IHostBuilder CreateDefaultBuilder( string [] args)          {              var builder = new HostBuilder();                builder.UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());              builder.ConfigureHostConfiguration(config =>              {                  config.AddEnvironmentVariables(prefix: "DOTNET_" );                  if (args != null )                  {                      config.AddCommandLine(args);                  }              });                builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>              {                  var env = hostingContext.HostingEnvironment;                    config.AddJsonFile( "appsettings.json" , optional: true , reloadOnChange: true )                        .AddJsonFile($ "appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json" , optional: true , reloadOnChange: true );                    if (env.IsDevelopment() && ! string .IsNullOrEmpty(env.ApplicationName))                  {                      var appAssembly = Assembly.Load( new AssemblyName(env.ApplicationName));                      if (appAssembly != null )                      {                          config.AddUserSecrets(appAssembly, optional: true );                      }                  }                    config.AddEnvironmentVariables();                    if (args != null )                  {                      config.AddCommandLine(args);                  }              })              .ConfigureLogging((hostingContext, logging) =>              {                  var isWindows = RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows);                    // IMPORTANT: This needs to be added *before* configuration is loaded, this lets                  // the defaults be overridden by the configuration.                  if (isWindows)                  {                      // Default the EventLogLoggerProvider to warning or above                      logging.AddFilter<EventLogLoggerProvider>(level => level >= LogLevel.Warning);                  }                    logging.AddConfiguration(hostingContext.Configuration.GetSection( "Logging" ));                  logging.AddConsole();                  logging.AddDebug();                  logging.AddEventSourceLogger();                    if (isWindows)                  {                      // Add the EventLogLoggerProvider on windows machines                      logging.AddEventLog();                  }              })              .UseDefaultServiceProvider((context, options) =>              {                  var isDevelopment = context.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment();                  options.ValidateScopes = isDevelopment;                  options.ValidateOnBuild = isDevelopment;              });                return builder;          }

  从上述代码中,可以看到CreateDefaultBuilder内部构造了一个HostBuilder,同时设置了:

  • 将内容根目录(contentRootPath)设置为由 GetCurrentDirectory 返回的路径。
  • 通过以下源加载主机配置
    • 环境变量(DOTNET_前缀)配置
    • 命令行参数配置
  •      通过以下对象加载应用配置
    • appsettings.json 
    • appsettings.{Environment}.json
    • 密钥管理器 当应用在 Development 环境中运行时
    • 环境变量
    • 命令行参数
  •      添加日志记录提供程序
    • 控制台
    • 调试
    • EventSource
    • EventLog( Windows环境下)
  • 当环境为“开发”时,启用范围验证和依赖关系验证。

   以上构造完成了HostBuilder,针对ASP.NET Core应用,代码继续调用了HostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults方法。

三、IHostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults:通过GenericWebHostBuilderHostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core的运行时设置

    构造完成HostBuilder之后,针对ASP.NET Core应用,继续调用了HostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults方法。这是一个ASP.NET Core的一个扩展方法:

    

      我们继续看ConfigureWebHostDefaults扩展方法内部做了哪些事情:

      源码连接:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/master/src/DefaultBuilder/src/GenericHostBuilderExtensions.cs      

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 using System; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.AspNetCore;   namespace Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting {      /// <summary>      /// Extension methods for configuring the IWebHostBuilder.      /// </summary>      public static class GenericHostBuilderExtensions      {          /// <summary>          /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IWebHostBuilder"/> class with pre-configured defaults.          /// </summary>          /// <remarks>          ///   The following defaults are applied to the <see cref="IWebHostBuilder"/>:          ///     use Kestrel as the web server and configure it using the application‘s configuration providers,          ///     adds the HostFiltering middleware,          ///     adds the ForwardedHeaders middleware if ASPNETCORE_FORWARDEDHEADERS_ENABLED=true,          ///     and enable IIS integration.          /// </remarks>          /// <param name="builder">The <see cref="IHostBuilder" /> instance to configure</param>          /// <param name="configure">The configure callback</param>          /// <returns>The <see cref="IHostBuilder"/> for chaining.</returns>          public static IHostBuilder ConfigureWebHostDefaults( this IHostBuilder builder, Action<IWebHostBuilder> configure)          {              return builder.ConfigureWebHost(webHostBuilder =>              {                  WebHost.ConfigureWebDefaults(webHostBuilder);                    configure(webHostBuilder);              });          }      } } ? 2020 GitHub, Inc.

  首先,通过类GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions,对IHostBuilder扩展一个方法:ConfigureWebHost:builder.ConfigureWebHost

     在这个扩展方法中实现了对IWebHostBuilder的依赖注入:即将GenericWebHostBuilder实例传入方法ConfigureWebHostDefaults内部

     代码连接:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions.cs

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 using System; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;   namespace Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting {      public static class GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions      {          public static IHostBuilder ConfigureWebHost( this IHostBuilder builder, Action<IWebHostBuilder> configure)          {              var webhostBuilder = new GenericWebHostBuilder(builder);              configure(webhostBuilder);              builder.ConfigureServices((context, services) => services.AddHostedService<GenericWebHostService>());              return builder;          }      } }

   通过GenericWebHostBuilder的构造函数GenericWebHostBuilder(buillder),将已有的HostBuilder增加了ASP.NET Core运行时设置。

   可以参考代码:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/GenericHost/GenericWebHostBuilder.cs

   。。。

   先看到这,让我们回到ConfigureWebHostDefaults:

   将上面两段代码合并一下进行理解:ConfigureWebHostDefaults做了两件事情:

   1. 扩展IHostBuilder增加ConfigureWebHost,引入IWebHostBuilder的实现GenericWebHostBuilder,将已有的HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core运行时的设置。

   2. ConfigureWebHost代码中的configure(webhostBuilder):对注入的IWebHostBuilder,调用 WebHost.ConfigureWebDefaults(webHostBuilder),启用各类设置,如下代码解读: 

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 internal static void ConfigureWebDefaults(IWebHostBuilder builder)         {             builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((ctx, cb) =>             {                 if (ctx.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment())                 {                     StaticWebAssetsLoader.UseStaticWebAssets(ctx.HostingEnvironment, ctx.Configuration);                 }             });             builder.UseKestrel((builderContext, options) =>             {                 options.Configure(builderContext.Configuration.GetSection( "Kestrel" ));             })             .ConfigureServices((hostingContext, services) =>             {                 // Fallback                 services.PostConfigure<HostFilteringOptions>(options =>                 {                     if (options.AllowedHosts == null || options.AllowedHosts.Count == 0)                     {                         // "AllowedHosts": "localhost;127.0.0.1;[::1]"                         var hosts = hostingContext.Configuration[ "AllowedHosts" ]?.Split( new [] { ‘;‘ }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);                         // Fall back to "*" to disable.                         options.AllowedHosts = (hosts?.Length > 0 ? hosts : new [] { "*" });                     }                 });                 // Change notification                 services.AddSingleton<IOptionsChangeTokenSource<HostFilteringOptions>>(                             new ConfigurationChangeTokenSource<HostFilteringOptions>(hostingContext.Configuration));                   services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, HostFilteringStartupFilter>();                   if ( string .Equals( "true" , hostingContext.Configuration[ "ForwardedHeaders_Enabled" ], StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))                 {                     services.Configure<ForwardedHeadersOptions>(options =>                     {                         options.ForwardedHeaders = ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedFor | ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedProto;                         // Only loopback proxies are allowed by default. Clear that restriction because forwarders are                         // being enabled by explicit configuration.                         options.KnownNetworks.Clear();                         options.KnownProxies.Clear();                     });                       services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, ForwardedHeadersStartupFilter>();                 }                   services.AddRouting();             })             .UseIIS()             .UseIISIntegration();         }

      内部实现了:

  3. 返回ConfigureWebHostDefaults代码中的configure(webHostBuilder):执行Program类中的webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();

  第三章节中,以上过程完成了IHostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults,通过GenericWebHostBuilder对HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core的运行时设置。

  接下来继续Build和Run的过程。

四、CreateHostBuilder(args).Build().Run();

  CreateHostBuilder返回的IHostBuilder,我们通过代码Debug,看一下具体的类型:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.HostBuilder,这样进一步验证了前三个章节的代码。

  

  1. Build的过程

  先看下Build的源码:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/HostBuilder.cs

  

      Build的过程主要完成了:

  • BuildHostConfiguration: 构造配置系统,初始化 IConfiguration _hostConfiguration;
  • CreateHostingEnvironment:构建主机HostingEnvironment环境信息,包含ApplicationName、EnvironmentName、ContentRootPath等
  • CreateHostBuilderContext:创建主机Build上下文HostBuilderContext,上下文中包含:HostingEnvironment和Configuration
  • BuildAppConfiguration:构建应用程序配置
  • CreateServiceProvider:创建依赖注入服务提供程序,  即依赖注入容器

  2. Run的过程

     我们先通过Debug,看一下Host的信息:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.Internal.Host

     

      这个Run方法也是一个扩展方法:HostingAbstractionsHostExtensions.Run

      代码链接:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Abstractions/src/HostingAbstractionsHostExtensions.cs

      

     其实内部转调的还是Host.StartAsync方法,在内部启动了DI依赖注入容器中所有注册的服务。

     代码链接:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/Internal/Host.cs

     

   整个Host主机的启动过程还是非常复杂的,我们只是简单的在代码层面研究了一遍,感觉只是有了个大致的轮廓,具体怎么执行的,是不是如上面代码的解释,还需要深入继续研究。

   接下来下一篇文章准备把源码单步调试看看。加深对ASP.NET Core底层技术原理的理解,只有理解了底层技术实现,我们在应用层才能更好、正确的使用。

   

周国庆

2020/4/6